propulsion chemistry

1) Military: propulsion chemistry

2) Engineering: chemistry of rocket fuels

3) Astronautics: propellant chemistry

assurer [asyʀe]

➭ TABLE 1

1. transitive verb

   a. ( = affirmer) to assure

• assurer à qn que... to assure sb that...

• cela vaut la peine, je vous assure it's worth it, I assure you

• je t'assure ! really!

• assurer qn de qch to assure sb of sth

• sa participation nous est assurée we have been assured he will take part

   b. (par contrat) to insure

• assurer qn sur la vie to give sb life insurance

• faire assurer qch to insure sth

• être assuré to be insured

   c. ( = garantir) to ensure ; [+ avenir, fortune] to secure ; [+ revenu] to provide

• ce but leur a assuré la victoire this goal ensured their victory

   d. ( = effectuer) [+ contrôles, travaux] to carry out

• l'avion qui assure la liaison entre Genève et Aberdeen the plane that operates between Geneva and Aberdeen

• assurer sa propre défense (au tribunal) to conduct one's own defence

• assurer la direction d'un service to be in charge of a department

   e. [+ alpiniste] to belay

2. intransitive verb

( = être à la hauteur) (inf) to be very good

• ne pas assurer to be no good (inf)

• je n'assure pas du tout en allemand I'm absolutely useless (inf) at German

3. reflexive verb

► s'assurer

   a. ( = vérifier)

s'assurer que/de qch to make sure that/of sth

• assure-toi qu'on n'a rien volé make sure nothing has been stolen

• je vais m'en assurer I'll make sure

   b. ( = contracter une assurance) to insure o.s.

• s'assurer sur la vie to take out life insurance

   c. ( = obtenir) to secure

• s'assurer le contrôle de to take control of

   d. [alpiniste] to belay o.s.

* * *

1) ( affirmer)

2) ( faire part à)

3) ( protéger) to insure [biens] ( contre against)

4) ( effectuer) to carry out [maintenance, tâche]; to provide [service]; ( prendre en charge) to see to [livraison]

5) ( garantir) to ensure [bonheur, gloire]; to ensure, to secure [victoire, paix, promotion]; to give [monopole, revenu]; (par des efforts, une intervention) to secure [droit, poste] ( à quelqu'un for somebody); to assure [position, avenir]; to protect [frontière]

6) ( rendre stable) to steady [escabeau]; ( fixer) to secure [corde]; to fasten [volet]

7) ( ne pas risquer)

8) ( en alpinisme) to belay [grimpeur]

verbe intransitif

1) (colloq) ( être à la hauteur) to be up to the mark (colloq)

2) Sport to play it safe

s'assurer verbe pronominal

1) ( vérifier)

2) ( se procurer) to secure [avantage, aide]

3) ( prendre une assurance) to take out insurance

4) ( se prémunir)

5) ( en alpinisme) to belay oneself

* * *

1. vt

1) COMMERCE (contre accidents ou dégâts) to insure

2) (= exécuter, faire fonctionner) [service, garde] to provide, to operate

3) (= certifier) to assure

4) (= confirmer)

5) (= garantir) [victoire, résultat] to ensure, to make certain

6) (= protéger) [frontières, pouvoir] to make secure

7) (= stabiliser) to steady, to stabilize

8) ALPINISME to belay

2. vi

* (= être à la hauteur) to be great *

* * *

assurer verb table: aimer

A vtr

1 ( affirmer) assurer à qn que to assure sb that; cela marchera, m'assura-t-il he assured me it would work; le journal assure qu'il est mort the paper claims that he's dead; ce n'est pas drôle, je t'assure believe me, it's no joke; qu'est-ce que tu es maladroit, je t'assure○! you really are clumsy!;

2 ( faire part à) assurer qn de to assure sb of [affection, soutien];

3 Assur to insure [biens] (contre against); assurer sa voiture contre le vol/qn sur la vie to insure one's car against theft/sb's life;

4 ( effectuer) to carry out [maintenance, tâche]; to provide [service]; ( prendre en charge) to see to [livraison]; ils n'assurent que les réparations urgentes they only carry out urgent repairs; le service après-vente est assuré par nos soins we provide the after-sales service; assurer l'approvisionnement en eau d'une ville to supply a town with water; le service ne sera pas assuré demain there will be no service tomorrow; sa propulsion est assurée par deux turboréacteurs it is propelled by two turbojets; le centre assure la conservation des embryons the centre^GB stores embryos; assurer la liaison entre [train, car] to run between; [ferry] to sail between; [compagnie] to operate between; un vol quotidien assure la liaison entre les capitales a daily flight links the two capitals; assurer la gestion/défense/sauvegarde de to manage/to defend/to safeguard; assurer sa propre défense Jur to conduct one's own defence^GB; assurer les fonctions de directeur/président to be director/chairman;

5 ( garantir) to ensure [bonheur, gloire]; to ensure, to secure [victoire, paix, promotion]; to give [monopole, revenu]; (par des efforts, une intervention) to secure [droit, situation] (à qn for sb); to assure [position, avenir]; to protect [frontière]; pour assurer le succès commercial (in order) to ensure commercial success; cela ne suffira pas à assurer son élection that won't get him/her elected; il est là pour assurer la bonne marche du projet his role is to make sure ou to ensure that the project runs smoothly; assurer sa qualification en finale to get into the final; ce rachat assure à l'entreprise le monopole the takeover gives the company a guaranteed monopoly; il veut leur assurer une vieillesse paisible he wants to give them a peaceful old age; mon travail m'assure un revenu confortable my job provides me with ou gives me a comfortable income; il assure une rente à son fils he gives his son an allowance; le soutien de la gauche lui a assuré la victoire the support of the left secured his/her victory; il a réussi à leur assurer un poste he managed to secure a position for them; l'exposition devrait assurer 800 emplois the exhibition ought to create 800 jobs; assurer ses vieux jours to provide for one's old age;

6 ( rendre stable) to steady [escabeau]; ( fixer) to secure [corde]; to fasten [volet]; assurer son pas to steady oneself;

7 Sport ( ne pas risquer) assurer une balle/un service to play a safe ball/service;

8 Sport ( en alpinisme) to belay [grimpeur].

B vi

1 ○( être à la hauteur) to be up to the mark○, to be up to snuff○ US; assurer en chimie to be good at chemistry; assurer avec les filles to have a way with the girls;

2 Sport to play it safe.

C s'assurer vpr

1 ( vérifier) s'assurer de qch to make sure of sth, to check on sth; s'assurer que to make sure that, to check that; il vaut mieux s'assurer de leur présence we had better check that they're there; je vais m'en assurer I'll make sure, I'll check;

2 ( se procurer) to secure [avantage, bien, aide, monopole]; s'assurer les services de to enlist the services of; s'assurer une bonne retraite to arrange to get a good pension; s'assurer une position de repli to make sure one has a fall-back position;

3 Assur to take out insurance (contre against); s'assurer contre l'incendie/sur la vie to take out fire/life insurance;

4 ( se prémunir) s'assurer contre to insure against [éventualité, risque];

5 ( se stabiliser) [voix] to steady; [personne] to steady oneself; s'assurer en selle Équit to steady oneself in the saddle;

6 Sport ( en alpinisme) to belay oneself;

7 †( se rendre sûr de) s'assurer de qn/de qch to make sure of sb/about sth.

[asyre] verbe transitif

1. [certifier] to assure

2. [rendre sûr] to assure

3. [procurer] to maintain, to provide

4. [mettre à l'abri] to ensure, to secure

a. MILITAIRE to protect one's rear

b. (figuré) to leave oneself a way out ou something to fall back on

5. [arrimer] to secure, to steady

6. COMMERCE to insure

7. SPORT to belay

8. NAUTIQUE [bout] to belay, to make fast

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[asyre] verbe intransitif

il va falloir assurer! we'll have to show that we're up to it!

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s'assurer verbe pronominal (emploi réfléchi)

il est obligatoire pour un automobiliste de s'assurer by law, a driver must be insured

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s'assurer verbe pronominal intransitif

[s'affermir] to steady oneself

————————

s'assurer verbe pronominal transitif

[se fournir - revenu] to secure, to ensure

————————

s'assurer de verbe pronominal plus préposition

[contrôler]

assure-toi que tout va bien make sure everything's OK

1) General subject: advance, advancement (образования), advancement (по службе), career, furtherance, lift, progress, promoting, promotion, propulsion, sledding, travel, progression, process, expansion

2) Aviation: continuing on

3) Obsolete: ascension

4) Military: advance (вперед), advancement (напр. по службе), displacement, disposal, drive, fleet-up (по службе), gain, ground gaining, netting an advance, progression (по службе), push (впёрёд), pushing on, (стремительное) race, thrust

5) Engineering: advancing, headway, propagation (напр. доменов)

6) Chemistry: feed

7) Economy: advance (по службе)

8) Accounting: rise (по службе)

9) Automobile industry: leading

10) Jargon: see

11) Information technology: promotion (продукции)

12) Oil: advance (обсаживаемой колонны), movement, stepping

13) Business: rise, step, marketing (на рынке)

14) Microelectronics: propagating

15) Automation: feed motion (материала), feed movement (материала), feeding movement (материала)

16) Robots: advance (к цели)

17) Makarov: advance (напр. катетера), head, progradation (береговой линии), rise (в обществе)

18) Taboo: coming on, ganing, hutching up

19) Security: propagation (напр. полномочий)

20) SAP.tech. going

21) SAP.fin. carrying forward

SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology, Mining and extraction technology, Weapons and armour

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The son of a barber-surgeon who deserted his family to serve in the Swedish army, Nobel showed little interest in academic pursuits as a child and was sent to sea at the age of 16, but jumped ship in Egypt and was eventually employed as an architect by the pasha. Returning to Sweden, he won a scholarship to the Stockholm School of Architecture, where he studied from 1821 to 1825 and was awarded a number of prizes. His interest then leaned towards mechanical matters and he transferred to the Stockholm School of Engineering. Designs for linen-finishing machines won him a prize there, and he also patented a means of transforming rotary into reciprocating movement. He then entered the real-estate business and was successful until a fire in 1833 destroyed his house and everything he owned. By this time he had married and had two sons, with a third, Alfred (of Nobel Prize fame; see Alfred Nobel), on the way. Moving to more modest quarters on the outskirts of Stockholm, Immanuel resumed his inventions, concentrating largely on India rubber, which he applied to surgical instruments and military equipment, including a rubber knapsack.

It was talk of plans to construct a canal at Suez that first excited his interest in explosives. He saw them as a means of making mining more efficient and began to experiment in his backyard. However, this made him unpopular with his neighbours, and the city authorities ordered him to cease his investigations. By this time he was deeply in debt and in 1837 moved to Finland, leaving his family in Stockholm. He hoped to interest the Russians in land and sea mines and, after some four years, succeeded in obtaining financial backing from the Ministry of War, enabling him to set up a foundry and arms factory in St Petersburg and to bring his family over. By 1850 he was clear of debt in Sweden and had begun to acquire a high reputation as an inventor and industrialist. His invention of the horned contact mine was to be the basic pattern of the sea mine for almost the next 100 years, but he also created and manufactured a central-heating system based on hot-water pipes. His three sons, Ludwig, Robert and Alfred, had now joined him in his business, but even so the outbreak of war with Britain and France in the Crimea placed severe pressures on him. The Russians looked to him to convert their navy from sail to steam, even though he had no experience in naval propulsion, but the aftermath of the Crimean War brought financial ruin once more to Immanuel. Amongst the reforms brought in by Tsar Alexander II was a reliance on imports to equip the armed forces, so all domestic arms contracts were abruptly cancelled, including those being undertaken by Nobel. Unable to raise money from the banks, Immanuel was forced to declare himself bankrupt and leave Russia for his native Sweden. Nobel then reverted to his study of explosives, particularly of how to adapt the then highly unstable nitroglycerine, which had first been developed by Ascanio Sobrero in 1847, for blasting and mining. Nobel believed that this could be done by mixing it with gunpowder, but could not establish the right proportions. His son Alfred pursued the matter semi-independently and eventually evolved the principle of the primary charge (and through it created the blasting cap), having taken out a patent for a nitroglycerine product in his own name; the eventual result of this was called dynamite. Father and son eventually fell out over Alfred's independent line, but worse was to follow. In September 1864 Immanuel's youngest son, Oscar, then studying chemistry at Uppsala University, was killed in an explosion in Alfred's laboratory: Immanuel suffered a stroke, but this only temporarily incapacitated him, and he continued to put forward new ideas. These included making timber a more flexible material through gluing crossed veneers under pressure and bending waste timber under steam, a concept which eventually came to fruition in the form of plywood.

In 1868 Immanuel and Alfred were jointly awarded the prestigious Letterstedt Prize for their work on explosives, but Alfred never for-gave his father for retaining the medal without offering it to him.

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